Q.1
Feature(s) of slow twitching muscle is/are
a) Contain large amounts of myoglobin
b) Composed of smaller fibers
c) Contain larger amount of glycolytic enzyme
d) White in colour
e) It has high ATPase activity
A. AB
B. ABC
C. ACD
D. ABCDE
Explanation :
Characters of slow twitching muscles.
- Myoglobin- High amount
- Colour- Red
- Fibres- Small
- ATPase activity- Low
Glycolytic activity- Low
Q.3
Action of calmodulin is
a) Ca2+ dependent
b) Through calmodulin dependent kinases
c) Through cAMP dependent kinases
d) Through cGMP dependent kinases
A. AD
B. ACD
C. ABC
D. AB
Explanation :
Calcium and calmodulin forms a complex which activates myosin kinase that phosphorylates myosin head. Myosin kinase is a muscle phosphorylase.
Q.5
Regarding Golgi tendon organ true is
a) Senses dynamic length of muscle
b) Involved in reciprocal innervation
c) α-motor neuron stimulation
d) Senses muscle tension
A. BD
B. ABC
C. AD
D. AC
Explanation :
Reciprocal innervation is seen in
- Stretch reflex- Reciprocal inhibition
- Golgi tendon organ reflex- Reciprocal excitation
Q.8
In the central transaction of the spinal cord which is affected in the last?
A. Proprioception
B. Pinprick
C. Temperature
D. Pain
Explanation :
CENTRAL CORD SYNDROME
The central cord syndrome results from damage to the gray matter nerve cells and crossing spinothalamic tracts near the central canal. In the cervical cord, the central cord syndrome produces arm weakness out of proportion to leg weakness and a ‘'dissociated” sensory loss, signifying a loss of pain and temperature sense in a cape distribution over the shoulders, lower neck, and upper trunk in contrast to preservation of light touch, joint position, and vibration sense in these regions. Trauma, syringomyelia, tumors, and anterior spinal artery ischemia (including from aortic dissection) are the main causes.
Q.11
True about cerebellum
a) Cerebral cortex have mostly inhibitory effects
b) Co-ordination
c) Planning of motor movements
d) Excitatory effect from deep nuclei
A. BCD
B. AB
C. BC
D. AC
Explanation :
Cerebral cortex effects on cerebellum are all excitatory. Co-ordination is through spinocerebellum. Planning and programming of voluntary movements is through neo cerebellum. Deep nuclei outputs are always excitatory.
Q.12
The nucleus of basal ganglia
A. Dentate
B. Thalamus
C. Caudate
D. Red nucleus
Explanation :
Basal ganglia
- Caudate nucleus
- Putamen
- Globus pallidus
- Subthalamic nucleus
- Substantia nigra
Q.13
Globus pallidus, putamen are present in :-
A. Pons
B. Basal ganglia
C. Thalamus
D. Cerebellum
Explanation :
Basal ganglia
- Caudate nucleus
- Putamen
- Globus pallidus
- Subthalamic nucleus
- Substantia nigra
Q.15
CO2 is mainly transported in the blood in which form:
A. Dissolved form
B. HCO3
C. Carbamino compound
D. Gas form
Explanation :
Co2 is transported in the blood in 3 forms:
■ As HCO3- CO2 is mainly transported in bicarbonate form - 70%. When CO2 diffuses into RBC, it reacts chemically with water and with help of enzyme carbonic anhydrase it is converted into HCO3 + H + CO2+ H2O → HCO3+H +
■ As dissolved CO2: 6 - 7% of CO2 transport
■ As carbamino compound of Hb and other plasma proteins: 20% of C02 transport.
Q.16
Pulmonary function changes seen in Emphysema are :-
A. ↑TLC
B. ↓RV
C. ↑FEV1
D. ↑VC
Explanation :
Changes in lung function tests in obstructive lung diseases- Eg: Emphysema
TLC- Increase
RV- Increase
FRC- Increase
Peak expiratory flow rate- Decrease
FEV1- Decreased out of proportion to FVC (Forced vital capacity)
Forced expiratory vital capacity (FEVC)- Normal to slightly decreased
FEV1/FEVC- Decreased (May decrease as low as 20-30%)
Changes in lung function tests in restrictive lung diseases
TLC- Decreased
RV- Decreased
FRC- Decreased
Forced mid-expiratory flow rate- Decrease
FEV1- Decreased in proportion to FVC (Forced vital capacity)
Forced vital capacity (FVC)- Decreased
FEV1/FEVC- Near-normal or increased.
Lung compliance- decreased
Diffusion capacity- decreased
Q.17
Over-inflation of the lung is prevented by :-
A. Chemo-receptor
B. Hering- Breuer reflex
C. Surfactant
D. Clara cells
Explanation :
Hering- Breuer reflex is reflex triggered to prevent over inflation of lung.
• Smooth muscles of the lung have pulmonary stretch receptors which respond to excessive stretching of the lung during large inspirations.
• The reflex limits the tidal volume while increasing the respiratory frequency
• Hering Breuer inflation reflex increases in duration of expiration produced by steady lung inflation.
• Hering breur deflation reflex is a decrease in the duration of expiration produced by steady lung deflation.
• Surfactant prevents the collapse of the lung.
Q.18
The primary function of surfactant is :-
A. Prevent overexpansion of alveoli
B. Decrease the surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli
C. Facilitate diffusion of oxygen
D. Prevent airway closure
Explanation :
The fluid lining the alveolar lumen shows surface tension that can result in the collapse of the alveoli.
The hydrophilic portion of the surfactant dissolves in the water while the hydrophobic portion remains towards the lumen.
This causes the surface tension to reduce and prevent the alveolar collapse.
Q.20
Ventilation-perfusion ratio is maximum at
A. Apex of lung
B. Base of lung
C. Posterior lobe of lung
D. Middle of the lung
Explanation :
Apical alveoli have low ventilation and perfusion per unit volume of the lung, whereas the basal alveoli have high ventilation and perfusion.
Ventilation-perfusion ration and the PaO2 is maximum at the apex. PCO2 is maximum at the base.
