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Practice Of Medicine-PM1 Language : English Your Practice Of Medicine SCORE

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Total Score : 5.36

Q.1

1 . The renal medulla is composed of tissue called ______.

A. Renal pyramids

B. Nephrons

C. Renal sinus

D. Renal pelvis

Explanation :

The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney. The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as the renal pyramids. Blood enters into the kidney via the renal artery, which then splits up to form the interlobar arteries. Inside the renal medulla are pyramids, each of which contains thousands of nephrons. Nephrons are made up of a glomerulus, the filtration unit, and tubules, which collect the filtrate to go to the bladder.

Q.2

2 . Juxtaglomerular cells combine with _______ cells to form the juxtagomerular apparatus

in the kidney.

A. Macula densa

B. Renal pelvis

C. Nephron

D. Renal sinus

Explanation :

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a specialized structure formed by the distal convoluted tubule and the glomerular afferent arteriole. It is located near the vascular pole of the glomerulus and its main function is to regulate blood pressure and the filtration rate of the glomerulus. the macula densa, a part of the distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron.

Q.3

Which of the following is not in the sequence of proper kidney blood flow? The starting point is the renal artery and the finishing point is the renal vein.

A. Arciform artery

B. Afferent arteriole

C. Interlobar vein

D. Interlobar vein

Explanation :

In the abdomen, the renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta inferior to the superior mesenteric artery and extend laterally toward the kidneys. Just before reaching the kidney, each renal artery divides into five segmental arteries, which provide blood to the various regions of the kidney. Each segmental artery enters the hilus of the kidney and divides into several interlobar arteries, which pass through the renal columns between the renal pyramids and carry blood toward the exterior of the kidney. At the junction between the renal cortex and renal medulla, the interlobar arteries form the arcuate arteries, which turn to follow the contours of the renal pyramids. From the arcuate arteries several branches, known as interlobular arteries, separate at right angles and extend through the renal cortex toward the exterior of the kidney. Each interlobular artery forms several afferent arterioles, which end in a bed of capillaries known as glomeruli where blood is filtered to form urine.

Q.4

Which is found in the highest concentration in the urine?

A. Uric acid

B. Urea

C. Glucose

D. Creatinine

Explanation :

Urea 9.3 g/L.
Chloride 1.87 g/L.
Sodium 1.17 g/L.
Potassium 0.750 g/L.
Creatinine 0.670 g/L .

Q.5

The primary function of the ascending loop of Henle in the kidney is?

A. active re-absorption sodium

B. active re-absorption Chloride

C. passive re-absorption K+

D. passive re-absorption of urea

Explanation :

The thick ascending limb occupies a central anatomic and functional position in human renal physiology, with critical roles in the defense of the extracellular fluid volume, the urinary concentrating mechanism, calcium and magnesium homeostasis, bicarbonate and ammonium homeostasis, and urinary protein composition.

Q.6

The middle layer of the urinary bladder is identified as ___________.

A. Mucous coat

B. Submucous coat

C. Muscular Coat

D. Sphincter Coat

Explanation :

The wall of the urinary bladder has four layers. From the inside towards the outside they are: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa or adventitia. don't get confused with 4 layers submucosa is counted as the middle layer.

Q.7

The micturition reflex center is located in the _____.

A. sacral plexsus

B. Midbrain

C. Lumbar plexus

D. Pons

Explanation :

Micturition is controlled by a reflex center located in the second, third, and fourth sacral levels of the spinal cord

Q.8

Which of the following match with the definition: a poor output of urine?

A. Oliguria

B. Pyruia

C. Enuresis

D. Diuresis

Explanation :

Q.9

Capillary loops located in the medulla are also known as _________.

A. Vasa recta

B. Urea collectors

C. Trigone

D. Macula densa

Explanation :

the vasa recta form a parallel set of hairpin loops within the medulla . The ability of the vasa recta to maintain the medullary interstitial gradient is flow dependent. A substantial increase in vasa recta blood flow dissipates the medullary gradient. Alternatively, decreased blood flow reduces oxygen delivery to the nephron segments within the medulla.

Q.10

Which of the following is not considered a part of the male urethra?

A. Prostatic

B. Membranous

C. Vasapore

D. Penile

Explanation :

The male urethra consists of three parts:

a.Prostatic part descends through the prostate and can dilate to change significantly in size

b . Membranous part exists between the prostate and the beginning of the penis and is the section targeted if a catheter needs to be inserted

c. Spongy part traverses the penis to end at the external urethral orifice

Read the the 3rd point carefully to understand the question.

Q.11

When glucose if found in urine it is called _____.

A. glucosuria

B. Uremia

C. Ureteritis

D. Glucose intolerance

Explanation :

Glucose intolerance

is an umbrella term for metabolic conditions which result in higher than normal blood glucose levels - hyperglycemia.

Glycosuria or glucosuria is the excretion of glucose into the urine.

Uremia is the condition of having "urea in the blood".

Ureteritis refers to inflammation of the ureter, it is rare and is often associated with cystitis or pyelonephritis

Q.12

Which of the following is not considered a component of kidney stones?

A. Calcium phosphate

B. Uric Acid

C. Calcium oxalate

D. HCO3

Explanation :

There are five different types of kidney stones

Calcium oxalate stones

Calcium phosphate stone

Uric acid stones

Struvite stones

Cystine stones

Q.13

ADH has which of the following effects on the distal convoluted tubule?

A. Dec. water re-absorption

B. Increase water re-absorption

C. dec. concentration of urine

D. Increase the urine volume

Explanation :

ADH acts in the kidney to regulate the volume and osmolarity of the urine. Specifically, it acts in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts (CT) cells. The increase in ADH release will mean that the permeability of the DCT and CT cells to water increases and urine output decreases. This permits the reabsorption of water into the vasa recta.

Q.14

Which of the following is not associated with the role of the kidneys?

A. Release of erythropoietin

B. Release of renin

C. Release of Vitamin E

D. Activate Vitamin D

Explanation :

all the three are associated with kidney except option 3.

vitamin E is transported in blood bound to a variety of lipoproteins, from which it is taken up by tissues throughout the body. Vitamin E is stored within the fat droplets of adipose tissue cells.

Q.15

Each kidney contains approximately ______ nephrons.

A. 10 million

B. 1 million

C. 100, 000

D. 10, 000

Explanation :

Several studies have shown that total nephron (glomerular) number varies widely in normal human kidneys. Whereas the studies agree that average nephron number is approximately 900,000 to 1 million per kidney

Q.16

The release of Angiotension II causes which of the following to occur?

A. INC. filtration rate

B. Decr. glomerular hydrostatIic

C. Increase synthesis of Vitamin

D. Inc . release of erythropoiti

Explanation :

Q.17

Which of the following is an effect of a diuretic?

A. Decreased Cardiac Output

B. Increased fluid volume

C. Increased sodium re-absorption

D. Increased chloride ion re-abso

Explanation :

diuretics initially lower the blood pressure by increasing urinary sodium excretion and reducing plasma volume, extracellular fluid volume, and cardiac output. Within six to eight weeks, the plasma volume, extracellular fluid volume, and cardiac output return towards normal.

Q.18

Which of the following is not one of the key steps in the grief process?

A. Denial

B. Anger

C. Bargaining

D. Rejection

Explanation :

Q.19

Which of the following waveforms is most commonly found with light sleepers?

A. a. Theta

B. b . Alpha

C. c. Beta

D. d. Zeta

Explanation :

Q.20

Which of the following months matches with an infant first having the ability to sit-up Independently?

A. 4 months

B. 6 months

C. 8 months

D. 10 months

Explanation :

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Exam Start Time :01:52:22 pm

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Number Of Questions

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