Q.1 Any loss/abnomality of physiological/psychological/ anatomical structure or function is
A. Disease
B. Impairment
C. Disability
D. Handicap
Explanation :
According to WHO definitions,
Disease:
Any abnormal condition of an individual that impairs function □ Impairment: Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function □ Disability: (Because of impairment,) any restriction or inability to perform an activity in a range considered normal for a human being
Handicap:
A disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment/disability, that limits/prevents fulfillment of a role considered normal (depending on age, sex, social, cultural factors) for that individual
Q.2 Prevention of emergence of risk factors in a community is called:
A. Primordial prevention
B. Secondary prevention
C. Tertiary prevention
D. None
Explanation :
Levels of prevention: Primordial prevention- Prevention of emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared.
In primordial prevention efforts are taken to discourage children from adopting harmful life style.
The main intervention is through mass and individual education. Primary prevention- Defined as the action taken prior to the onset disease,
which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur i.e.,
intervention in pre pathogenesis period. Modes of intervention is health promotion and specific protection (immunization, chemoprophylaxis)
Secondary prevention- Defined as the actions which halt the progress of a disease at its incipient stage and prevent complications.
The specific interventions are early diagnosis (screening and adequate treatment.
Tertiary prevention- Defined as all measures available to reduce or limit impairment and disabilities.
It signifies intervention in late pathogenesis phase, include disability limitation and rehabilitation.
Q.3 PQLI is -
A. Disability indicator
B. Quality of life indicator
C. Standard of living indicator
D. Level of living indicator
Explanation :
The well being of an individual has two components
- Objective component → Standard of living or level of living
- Subjective component →Quality of life
Objective components
These are
a) Standard of living
It refers to the usual scale of our expenditure, goods we consume and services we enjoy. It includes
- Income & occupation.
- Standards of housing, sanitation & nutrition.
- Level of provision of health, educational, recreational and other services.
- Standard of living depends on per capita GIWP.
b) Level of living
It consists of nine components -
- Health
- Food consumption
- Education
- Occupation & working conditions
- Housing
- Social security
- Clothing
- Recreation & leisure
- Human rights
- Amongst these health is the most important component because its impairment always means impairment of the level of living.
Subjective component
- Subjective component of well being is quality of life.
- The level of living and standard of living are objective criteria of well being, while quality of life comprises the individual ’s own subjective evaluation of these.
- Recent definition of quality of life is as follows “a composite measure of physical mental and social well being as perceived by each individual or group of individuals.”
- WHO definition is as follows “the condition of life resulting from the combination of the effects of the complete range offactors such as those determining health, happiness, education, etc”
- The index for quality of life is “Physical quality of life index (PQLI)”.
- The PQLI is an attemt to measure quality of life or well-being of a country
- Physical quality of life index consolidates three indicators
- Literacy rate.
- Infant mortality rate.
- Life expectancy at age 1 year (LE)
- PQLI ranges from 0 to 100
- PQLI in India is 65.
Q.5 A concept directed against prevention of risk factors of coronary artery disease is
A. Secondary prevention
B. Health education
C. Primordial prevention
D. Primary prevention
Explanation :
Levels of prevention Primordial prevention - Prevention of the development or emergence of Risk Factors in population groups in which they have not yet appeared.
Primary prevention - Action taken prior to the onset of disease which removes the possibility that the disease will ever occur. It signifies intervention in the pathogenesis phase of the disease. Secondary prevention - Action which halts the progress of disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications i. e early diagnosis & treatment.
Tertiary treatment - Intervention in the late pathogenic phase all measures to reduce or limit impairments, Disabilities and handicap
The question is asked about prevention of risk factors so the answer is primordial prevention.
If it’s asked about changing the pattern of risk factor then the answer would be Primary prevention.
Giving Benzathine penicillin in R.H.D is a type of secondary prevention. Because it’s action taken to halt the progress of the disease & prevent complications.
Giving Benzathine penicillin in sore throat is a type of Primary prevention because it’s action taken prior to the onset of disease to remove the possibility of its occurrence.
Q.7 AH of the following are components of Epidemiological triad except -
A. Environment
B. Agent
C. Host
D. Manpower
Explanation :
Epidemiological triad
The occurrence and manifestaons of any disease, whether communicable or noncommunicable, are determined by the interacon of following three factors.
- The agent
- The host
- The environment
These three factors together constue the epidemiological triad.
Mere presence of these factors does not cause disease, interacon of these three is required for causaon of a disease.
The triangle of epidemiology
The triangle of epidemiology shows the interacon and interdependance of agent, host, environment and me (It is different from epidemiological triad which does not contain me, but contain other three components).
Advanced model of the triangle of Epidemiology
This new model includes all facets of the communicable disease model. The term ‘agent’ is replaced by causavefactors and this model show's the interacon of: -
- Causave factors;
- Group ofpopulaon and their characterisc;
- Environment behaviour, culture, physiological factors, ecological elements; and
- me.
Q.9 Iodized salt in iodine deficiency control program me is
A. Secondary prevention
B. Teriary prevention
C. Primary prevention
D. None
Explanation :
- Forficaon of food e.g. iodized salt is primary prevenon,
- Life style change is a type of primordial prevention.
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
There are four levels of prevention
- Primordial prevention
- Primary prevention
- Secondary prevention
- Tertiary prevention
Primordial Level of Prevenon:
Is primary prevenon (see below) in purest sense
It is the prevenon of the emergence or development of risk factors in countries or populaon groups in which they have not yet appeared
Modes of Intervenon:
- Individual Education
- Mass Education
- Primordial Level is Best level of prevenon for Non-communicable diseases Primary Level of Prevention:
- It is the acon taken prior to onset of disease, which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur o Modes of Intervention:
- Health Promotion: Is targeted at strengthening the host through a variety of approaches 1 ' interventions, e.g. Health Education, Environmental modifications. Nutritional interventions. Lifestyle & behavioural changes
- Specific Protection: Is targeting the prevention of disease through a specific intervention
- Primary level of prevenon is applied when ‘risk factors are present but disease has not yet taken place
- It signifies 'intervention in the Pre-pathogenesis Phase of a disease/ health problem’
Q.10 Changes in occurrence of a disease over a long period of time
A. Secular trend
B. Cyclic trends
C. Seasonal trends
D. Epidemic
Explanation :
Time Distribution of Disease
- Secular trend: it implies changes in occurrence of a disease over a period of long time, generally several years or decade.
Ex: Polio, Diphtheria, Pertusis are the diseases which are reducing in India in fast few decades; and diseases like DM, Obesity and hypertension has increased in past few decades.
- Epidemic: Short term fluctuation of a Disease occur in few days, week, or months.
E.g. food poisoning, Bhopal gas tragedy
- Cyclic trends: some diseases occur in cycles spread over a period of time which means days, weeks, months, or years. Non-infectious condition may also show periodic fluctuations
Ex: automobile accidents in US are more frequent on weekends, esp: Saturday.
Other examples can be measles occurring every 2-3 years, Rubella every 6-9 years.
- Seasonal trend: It is seasonal variation/fluctuation in occurrence of a disease.
Ex: measles, URI, GIT infection
Q.11 Missing cases are detected by?
A. Active surveillance
B. Passive surveillance
C. Monitoring
D. Sentinel surveillane
Explanation :
The word surveillance is the French word for "watching over” Sentinel surveillance is useful for answering specific epidemiologic questions because sentinel sites may not represent the general population or the general incidence of disease, they may have limited usefulness in analyzing national disease patterns and trends.
Continuous scrutiny of factors that determine the occurrence and distribution of diseases and other conditions of ill health Types:
1. Active Surveillance: • One way to overcome the limitations of passive surveillance and get a better picture of disease burden in the community is for health workers to visit health facilities and communities to seek out cases.
This is known as active surveillance.
Eradication and elimination programmes may require a very active surveillance programme aimed at detecting every case.
During outbreak situations surveillance must be intensified with the introduction of active case finding
2. Passive Surveillance: Passive surveillance yields only limited data because many sick people do not visit a health facility and because those cases that do show up may not be correctly classified, recorded, or reported
3. Sentinel Surveillance: A method of identifying the missing cases and thereby supplementing the notified cases For example, in HIV/AIDS surveillance the proportion of the population positive for HIV 7 must be monitored as well as the number of new cases of AIDS. This requires special HIV seropre vale nee surveillance usually done in a few representative sites ('sentinel surveillance')
