ESOPHAGEAL CA

Predisposing factors:
 - Smoking,
-  Chronic achalasia,
 - Tylosis,
 -  Barret's esophagus etc.
• most common  type: Squamous cell Ca
• most common site: Lower end of esophagus
• most common site of adenoCa: Lower end
• most common site of squamous cell Ca: Middle 1/3rd

GASTRIC Ca

most common site: Antrum & pylorus

most common feature: Weight loss

Predisposing factors:
o H. Pylori (causes gastritis, gastric atrophy),
o Blood group A etc.

Sister Mary Joseph's nodule- refers to a palpable nodule bulging into the umbilicus as a result of metastasis of a malignant cancer in the pelvis or abdomen .

GI ULCERS

Curling's ulcer are seen in - GI ulcers in severe burns

Site of bleeding in duodenal ulcer: Gastroduodenal artery

Cause of early dumping syndrome: Due to rapid emptying of hyperosmolar gastric contents into the small intestine .

Most common  site of duodenal ulcer: Duodenal cap

APPENDIX

USG & CT are confirmatory in appendicitis

Mucocoele of appendix - Retention cyst/ benign tumour

MC malignant tumour of appendix  - Appendicular carcinoid

MECKEL'S DIVERTICULUM

- abnormal pouch in the intestine that's present from birth .

- true congenital diverticulum

-Vestigeal remnant of omphalomesenteric duct/ vitelline duct

-Torsion may lead to obstruction, ischemia & necrosis,

COLORECTAL Ca

Risk factors:
 - Increased dietary fats & oil,
 -  Elevated serum cholesterol,
 -  Ulcerative colitis & Crohns disease,
 -  Familial adenomatous polyps

most common site: Rectum,
most common site in colon: Sigmoid colon
most common type: Adeno Ca

most common site of metastasis: Liver

HERNIA

Hernia of Meckel's diverticulum - Littres hernia

Hernia between costal & sternal parts of diaphragm - Morgagni's hernia

Interparietal hernia - Spigelian hernia

ACUTE PANCREATITIS

PANCREATIC Ca

Most imp. t risk factor: Cigarette smoking

most common site: Pancreatic head (70%)

most common symptom: Weight loss & pain

GASTRINOMA /  Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

- is a disease in which tumors cause the stomach to produce too much acid, resulting in peptic ulcers  .

- Symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea

- most common site -  Duodenum

-Most important investigation: Secretin injection test

INSULINOMA

  -a tumor of the pancreas that is derived from beta cells and secretes insulin .

- Most insulinomas are benign in that they grow exclusively at their origin within the pancreas .

-Whipple's triad is seen

- make extra insulin and can cause blood sugar levels to drop .