GENERAL PATHOLOGY

Dystrophic calcification occurs in -  Dying tissues

Dystrophic calcification - is the calcification occurring in degenerated or necrotic tissue, as in hyalinized scars, degenerated foci in leiomyomas, and caseous nodules. This occurs as a reaction to tissue damage, including as a consequence of medical device implantation. 

Calcium level in dystrophic calcification is - Normal

Red infarct - Red infrarcts are hemorrhagic infarcts and usually occur in less dense tissue like the lungs and GI tract 

Red infarct  is seen in -  Gut

Most common type of necrosis is - Coagulative necrosis

Coagulative necrosis  - is a type of accidental cell death typically caused by ischemia or infarction. In coagulative necrosis the architecture of dead tissue is preserved for at least a couple of days.

Features of irreversible injury -

Firstly, irreversible mitochondrial damage that results in ATP depletion and lack of oxidative phosphorylation despite removal of the injurious stimulus. 

Secondly, profound disturbances in membrane function, especially those that affect internal ionic concentrations, and lysosomal enzyme activity, are almost always points of no return for the cell .

Features of apoptosis -

Apoptosis is characterised by a series of typical morphological features, such as shrinkage of the cell, fragmentation into membrane-bound apoptotic bodies and rapid phagocytosis by neighbouring cells

Phagocytosis is inhibited by - bc12

autoimmune diseases- A disease in which the body's immune system attacks healthy cells. 

examples

- Rheumatoid arthritis

- Lupus 

- Hashimoto's thyroiditis 

- Psoriatic arthritis 

- Sjögren's syndrome 

- Scleroderma  etc

Nutmeg liver - ongestive hepatopathy, also known as nutmeg liver and chronic passive congestion of the liver, is liver dysfunction due to venous congestion, usually due to congestive heart failure. 

Gamma Gandy bodies are seen in - . Chronic venous congestion of spleen

Villous atrophy is diagnostic of coeliac disease 

The commonest site for amyloid deposition in intestine is colon. 

Leucotrienes  causes - Vasoconstriction

Lines of Zahn are seen in - Thrombus 

Heart failure cells are seen in - Lungs

Chicken fat clot is - Post mortem thrombus

Cells first involved in tissue injury are - Neutrophils

AMYLOIDOSIS CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES

Amyloidosis is when an abnormal protein called amyloid builds up in your tissues and organs. When it does, it affects their shape and how they work. Amyloidosis is a serious health problem that can lead to life-threatening organ failure.

Symptoms depend on which organs are affected. They may include swelling, fatigue and weakness, shortness of breath, and numbness, tingling or pain in the hands or feet. 

Most common site of amyloidosis - Kidney

Amyloid protein associated with cardiac amyloidosis -  ATTR

Best diagnostic method for amyloidosis - Rectal biopsy

Congo red stain in ordinary light gives - Pink colour

Congo red stain in polarizing light gives - Yellow green birefringence

Immunohistological stain—to distinguish between AL and AA. 

H- & E stain—faintly eosinstained homogenous material. 

PAS stain—red. 

Methyl violet—rose red while other tissue becomes blue (metachromatic stain).

GENETICS  CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES

Homocystinuria - Homocystinuria is a disorder of methionine metabolism, leading to an abnormal accumulation of homocysteine and its metabolites (homocystine, homocysteine-cysteine complex, and others) in blood and urine 

Homocystinuria is autosomal recessive.

Von Willebrands disease ( autosomal dominant)

Von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the most common hereditary blood-clotting disorder in humans. An acquired form can sometimes result from other medical conditions. It arises from a deficiency in the quality or quantity of von Willebrand factor (vWF), a multimeric protein that is required for platelet adhesion.

Retinoblastoma (Autosomal dominant)

Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare form of cancer that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina, the light-detecting tissue of the eye. It is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children, and it is almost exclusively found in young children.

Achondroplasia ( Autosomal dominant)

Achondroplasia is a disorder of bone growth that prevents the changing of cartilage (particularly in the long bones of the arms and legs) to bone. causes disproportionate dwarfism. 

APC gene is located on chromosome - 5

BRCA1 gene is located on chromosme - 17

Short arm of chromosome is labelled as -p

Long arm of chromosome is labelled as - q

Chromosome 4 is involved in - Huntingtons chorea ( is an inherited, progressive neurodengenerative disease.)

Chromosome 7 is involved in - Cystic fibrosis( Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs, but also the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestine. Long-term issues include difficulty breathing and coughing up mucus as a result of frequent lung infections. )

CARDIAC PATHOLOGY CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES

commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. 

Marker of MI -Troponin T

Earliest change seen in MI - Waviness of fibres

Change noticed within 1-3 days of MI -
 -Coagulation necrosis,
 -Neutrophilic infiltration

RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGY CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES

Charcot layden crystals are seen in - Asthma

Reid index is used for - Chronic bronchitis

Curschmann spirals are seen in - Asthma

Intense fibrosis is a pathological feature of - Mesothelioma

Egg shell pattern is seen in -  Silicosis

Condition which may mimick sarcoidosis - Berrylium inhalation

Test used for sarcoidosis - Kveims test

Important cause of emphysema - Smoking

Alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency is associated with - Panacinar emphysema

  Reid index  -  It is defined as ratio between the thickness of the submucosal mucus secreting glands and the thickness between the epithelium and cartilage that covers the bronchi.

Charcot Leyden crystals  - are microscopic crystals found in people who have allergic diseases such as asthma or parasitic infections such as parasitic pneumonia or ascariasis.

Curschmann's spirals  -are a microscopic finding in the sputum of asthmatics. They are spiral-shaped mucus plugs from subepithelial mucous gland ducts of bronchi.

The Kveim test  - used to detect sarcoidosis, where part of a spleen from a patient with known sarcoidosis is injected into the skin of a patient suspected to have the disease. If non caseating granulomas are found (4–6 weeks later), the test is positive.

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES

Most common site of involvement in Crohns disease - Ileum

Transmural inflammation is seen in -  Crohns disease

Skip lesions is seen in-  Crohns disease

Pseudopolyps are seen in -  Ulcerative colitis

Pipe stem colon is seen in -  Ulcerative colitis

GLOMERULOPATHIES CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES

Salt losing nephritis is seen in - Interstitial nephritis 

MC gene defect in steroid resistant nephritic syndrome is -  NPHS2

Michaels Guttaman bodies are seen in -  Malakoplakia 

Kimmelstein Wilson disease is seen in -  Diabetic nephropathy

Lung involvement in Wegner's granulomatosis is -  Bilateral nodular cavitary infiltrates

Tram track appearance -  Membranoproliferative GN

Sub-epithelial humps are seen in -  PSGN 

MC cause of nephrotic syndrome in children -  Lipoid nephrosis

Diffuse involvement is seen in -  Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis/ PSGN

THYROID CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES

Thyroid Ca which spreads by lymphatics -  Papillary Ca thyroid 

Psammoma bodies are seen in - Papillary Ca thyroid

Orphan annie eyed nuclei are seen in - Papillary Ca thyroid

Thyroid Ca associated with MEN-II - Medullary Ca thyroid

Hurthle cell Ca is a variant of -  Follicular Ca thyroid

Tumour arising from parafollicular/ C cells -  Medullary Ca thyroid 

RET proto-oncogene is involved in - Medullary Ca thyroid

Thyroid tumour which secretes calcitonin -  MedullaryCa thyroid

HEMATOLOGY CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES

Spur cells are seen in - Chronic liver disease

Tear drop' poikilocytes are seen in - Myeloid metaplasia & Myelofibrosis

Helmet cells are seen in - Hemolytic uremic syndrome , Coombs positive;

Schistocytes are seen in - Acquired spherocytosis

Ring sideroblasts (iron granules in mitochondria around the nucleus) are seen in -  Sideroblastic anemia

Post splenectomy changes includes - Howell jolly bodies, Heinz bodies etc.

Burr cells are seen in -  Uremia 

Hypersegmented neutrophils are seen in - Megaloblastic anemia

Bite cells are seen in - G6PD deficiency

Acanthocytes are seen in- Abetalipoproteinemia

Macroploycytes are seen in -  Megaloblastic anemia 

HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES

Hereditary spherocytosis  is an abnormality of red blood cells, or erythrocytes. The disorder is caused by mutations in genes relating to membrane proteins that allow for the erythrocytes to change shape. People with this condition typically experience a shortage of red blood cells (anemia), yellowing of the eyes and skin (jaundice), and an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly).

-primirarly due to Ankyrin deficiency

Proteins defective in HS -  Ankyrin, Paladin, Anion transport protein

Hereditary spherocytosis  is also known as Minkowski–Chauffard syndrom.

MULTIPLE MYELOMA CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES

also known as plasma cell myeloma, is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell normally responsible for producing antibodies. 

Feautures -

Russel bodies & Flame cells are seen,

Bence Jones proteins are - Light chains

Urea level in MM are- Raised

LYMPHOMA CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES

Starry sky appearance is seen in - Burkitts lymphoma 

Starry sky appearance is seen in - Burkitts lymphoma 

Hilar lymphadenopathy is a feature of - Nodular sclerosis type 

Malignant cells of Hodgkin's disease are -  Reed Sternberg cells

Lacunar cells are seen in -  Nodular sclerosis type of lymphoma

Most common type of Hodgkins lymphoma - Nodular sclerosing

Most common type of Hodgkins lymphoma in India - Mixed cellularity

Most common site of extranodal non-Hodgkins lymphoma-  Stomach

Starry sky appearance is seen in -  Burkitts lymphoma

ONCOLOGY