IMPORTANT HISTOLOGICAL FEATURE'S-
1. Brunners gland is present in: Duodenum
2. Function of gap junctions: Exchange between cells
3. Paneth cells (intestine) are rich in: Rough ER
4. Epiglottis is an example of: Elastic cartilage
5. intrinsic factor (Castle) is secreted by: Parietal/oxyntic cells
6. Chief/ peptic/ zymogen cells lines the: Body of the gland (secrete pepsinogen)
7. Reticuloendothelial cells of liver are: Kupffer cells
8. Space of Disse & space of Mall are seen in: Liver
9. Intercalated disc is present in: Cardiac muscle
10. Nucleus in cardiac muscle: Central
IMPORTANT FORAMEN OF SKULL- FEATURE'S
1. Content of Dorellos canal: Cranial nerve 6
2. Contents of internal auditory meatus: 7 & 8 cranial nerve, Labyrinthine artery
3. Contents of jugular foramen: 9, 10 & 11 cranial nerves, Internal jugular vein, Inferior petrosal sinus
4. Contents of optic canal: Optic nerve & Ophthalmic artery
5. Contents of foramen rotundum: Maxillary division ofcranial nerve V
6. Contents of foramen ovate: Mandibular division of cranial nerve V, Accessory meningeal artery etc.
7. Contents of foramen magnum: Accessory nerve, Vertebral & spinal arteries .
8.
Contents
of foramen spinosum: Middle meningeal artery, Meningeal branch of the
mandibular nerve
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
- CSF replaces lymph in the CNS
-
CSF is formed by choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricules
CSF passes from -
- lateral ventricles to the third ventricle through foramina of Monro (interventricular foramina).
-
Fron ventricle it passes to the fourth ventricle through cerebral aqueduct.
-
From fourth ventricle the CSF passes to the subarachnoid around the
brain and spinal cord through the foramen of Magendie and foramina of
Luschka.
- CSF is absorbed chiefly by the arachnoid villi .
-Rate of Formation 200 cc/hour, 5000 cc/day
-
Total Quantity
-
150 cc.
-
Pressure:60-150 mm of fluid
Composition -
Proteins -20-40 mg per 100 cc.
Sugar-50-75 mg per 100 cc.
Chlorides-720-750 mg per 100 cc.
Functions :
(a) protective,
(b) nutritive, and
(c) excretory to the CNS.
Hydrocephalus - Obstruction to the flow of CSF in the ventricular system of brain
Froins syndrome - Spinal obstruction
IMPORTANT PARALYSIS-
Erb’s Paralysis …Forcible widening of the angle between the head and the shoulder, upper trunk at Erb’s point sustains injury resulting in Erb’s paralysis. This causes Porter tip deformity.
Klumpke’s paralysis-
Hyperabduction of arm results in damage to C8 Tl
and sometimes Cl roots. Paralysis affects intrinsic muscles of hand and
flexors of wrist and fingers.
Crutch paralysis-
Radial nerve is damaged due to pressure of crutch on radial nerve .
Sleep paralysis-
.Median and radial nerves suffer due to pressure twhile the patient is asleep.
Winging of scapula - Due to paralysis of long thoracic nerve , (porter’s paralysis).
Ape hand - occurs due to median nerve injury proximal to origin of its muscular and anterior interosseous branches
Pointing index finger - lesion's are produced due to injury of median nerve just above the middle of forearm.
Carpal tunnel syndrome - compression of median nerve in carpal tunnel.
claw hand
-
injury to ulnar nerve
