S.P.M.FAQ’S
Health : Health is state of complete physical and mental well being not
merely an absence of disease or infirmity.
Sullivan’s index: This index (expectation of life free of disability) is computed by subtracting from the life expectancy the probable duration of bed disability and inability to perform major activities.
Determinants of health
§ Heredity
§ Environment
§ Life-style
§ Socioeconomic
§ Health and family welfare
§ Other factors like health related systems ( eg: food and agriculture, education, industry, social welfare, rural development )
Indicators of health
Characteristics
1. Valid
2. Reliable
3. Sensitive
4. Specific
Indicators may be classified as
1. Mortality indicators
1. Crude death rate: The number of deaths per 1000 population per year in given community
2. Expectation of life: Life expectancy at birth is “the average number of years that will be lived by those born alive into a population if the current-age specific mortality persists.
3. Infant mortality rate: Ratio of deaths under 1 year of age in a given year to the total number of live births in the same year.
4. Child mortality rate: Number of deaths at ages 1-4 years in a given year per 1000 children in that age group at the mid point of the year concerned.
5. Under-5 proportionate mortality rate: Proportion of total deaths occurring in the under 5 age group.
6. Maternal (puerperal) mortality rate:
7. Disease specific mortality
8. Proportional mortality rateMorbidity indicators
They are
1. Incidence and prevalence
2. Notification rates
3. Attendance rates at out patient departments, health centres, etc
4. Admission readmission and discharge rates
5. Duration of stay in hospital
6. Spells of sickness of absence from work or school
2. Disability rates
a) Event type indicators
(i) Number of days of restricted activity
(ii) Bed disability days
(iii) Work loss days (or school loss days) with in a special period
b) Person type indicators
(i) Limitation of mobility
(ii) Limitation of activity
3. Nutritional status indicators
1. Anthropometric measurements of pre school children
2. Heights (and some weights) of school children at school entry
3. Prevalence of low birth weight (less than 2.5 kg)
4. Health care delivery indicators
§ Doctor population ratio
§ Doctor-nurse ratio
§ Population-bed ratio
§ Population per health/subcentre
§ Population per traditional birth attendant
5. Utilization rates
6. Indicators of social mental health
7. Environmental indicators
8. Socio-economic indicators
9. Health policy indicators
10. Indicators of quality of life
11. Other indicators
VECTOR BORNE DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAMME
1. National Anti-Malaria Programme
§ National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) was launched in India in April 1953. it was in operation for 5 years( 1953-58).
§ National Malaria Eradication Progamme (NMEP) launched in 1958.
§ New approach to malaria control was approved by WHO in 1978, ie. Implementation of malaria control in the context of the primary health care strategy.
§ An Enhanced Malaria Control Project with world bank support launched on 30thSeptember 1997.
§ In 1999, the government of India decided to drop the term “National Malaria Eradication Progamme” and renamed it “National anti-malaria programme”
2. National Filaria Control Programme
National Filaria Control Programme (NFCP) has been in operation since 1955.
3. Kala-Azar Control Programme
Centrally sponsored programme was lunched in
4. Japanese Encephalitis Control
5. Dengue Fever Control
FERTILITY
The actual bearing of children
Reproductive period of women 15-45 years-a period of 30 years
Factors affecting fertility
1. Age at marriage
2. Duration of married life
3. Spacing of children
4. Education
5. Economic status
6. Caste and religion
7. Nutrition
8. Family planning
9. Other factors like place of women in the society, value of children in the society, widow remarriage, breast feeding, customs and believes, industrialization and urbanization, better health conditions, housing, opportunities fro women and local community involvement.
Fertility related statistics
Number of live birth in the year X1000
1. Birth rate Estimated mid-year population
2. General fertility rate
3. General marital fertility rate
4. Age specific fertility rate
5. Age specific marital fertility rate
6. Total fertility rate
7. Total marital fertility rate
8. Net reproduction rate
9. Child women ratio
10. Pregnancy rate
11. Abortion rate
12. Abortion ratio
13. Marriage rate
MILESTONES OF DEVELOPMENT
The ‘milestones’ given here are approximations and to assess any individual child, all types of growth development and behaviour must be taken into account
DETERMINANTS OF MATERNAL MORTALITY IN INDIA
Medical Causes
Social Factors
Obstetric causes:
Toxaemias of pregnancy
Age at child birth
Haemorrhage
Parity
Infection
Too close pregnancies
Obstructed labour
Family size
Malnutrition
Neonatal mortality
Post-neonatal mortality
(0-4 weeks)
(1-12 months)
l. Low birth weight
1. Diarrhoeal diseases
2. Birth injury and difficult labour
2. Acute respiratory infections
3. Congenital anomalies
3. Other communicable diseases
4. Haemolytic diseases of newborn
4. Malnutrition
5. Conditions of placenta and cord
5. Congenital anomalies
6. Diarrhoeal diseases
6. Accidents
7. Acute respiratory infections
8. Tetanus
LEADING CA– USES OF DEATH IN 1 -4 YEAR AGE GROUP
Developing countries
Developed countries
Diarrhoeal diseases
Accidents
Respiratory infections
Congenital anomalies
Malnutrition
Malignant neoplasms
Infectious diseases
Influenza
(e.g., measles, whooping cough)
Pneumonia
Other febrile diseases
Accidents and injuries
SUGGESTED INTAKE OF DIETARY FAT
Fat intake
Essential fatty acids
g/day
Energy %
(energy per cent)
Adults : Man & Woman
20*
9
3
Pregnant woman
30
12.5
4.5
Lactating mother
45
17.5
5.7
Older children
22
9
3
Young children
25
15
3
§ About half of this will come from invisible fat present in the foods.
ADULTERATION OF FOODS
Food materials
Common adulterants
Cereals such as wheat, rice
Mud, grits, soapstone bits.
Dals
Coaltar dyes, khesari dal
Haldi (Turmeric) powder
Lead chromate powder
Dhania powder
Starch, cow dung or horse dung powder
Black pepper
Dried seeds of papaya,
Chilli powder
Saw dust, brick powder
Tea dust/leaves
Blackgram husk, tamarind seeds powder,
saw dust, used tea dust
Coffee powder
Date husk, tamarind husk, Chicory,
Asafoetida (Hing)
Sand, grit, resins, gums
Mustard seeds
Seeds of prickly poppy-Argemone
Edible oils
Mineral oils, argemone oil,
Butter
Starch, animal fat.
Ice -cream
Cellulose, starch, non-permitted colours,
Sweetmeats
Non-permitted colours.
Fresh green peas in packing
Green dye
Milk
Extraction of fat, addition of starch and water
Ghee
Vanaspati
NUTRITION PROGRAMMES IN INDIA
§ Vitamin A prophylaxis programme
§ Prophylaxis against nutritional anaemia
§ Iodine deficiency disorders control programme
§ Special nutrition programme
§ Balwadi nutrition programme
§ ICDS programme
§ Midday meal programme
A MID-DAY SCHOOL MEAL
Foodstuffs
g/day/child
Cereals and millets
75
Pulses
30
Oils and fats
8
Leafy vegetables
30
Non-leafy vegetables
30
FOR MORE ON UPPSC HOMOEOPATHY MEDICAL OFFICER EXAM ,JOIN OUR TEST SERIES @ www.homoeoadda.in
.jpeg)
